2^nd World Congress and Expo on Recycling July 25-27, 2016 Berlin, Germany

Tingting Liu works as assistant professor in Institute of Circular Economy, Beijing University of Technology. She has a multi-subject education background on both ecology and economics, and had worked in Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada for 2.5 years. She has published more than 15 papers in reputed journals such as Applied Energy, Environmental Science & Policy, Resources, Conservation and Recycling.

With the exacerbating resource shortage and environmental pollution, the Chinese government is paying more and more attention on the collecting and utilization of recyclable resources. The rational utilization of recyclable resources not only contributes to resource conservation, but also to the reduction of environmental pollution. The recyclable resources statistics provides effective data support for the promotion of municipal solid waste recycling and utilization, which is important for waste management and sustainable development. However, the research and practice concerning recyclable resources statistics are still at initial stage in China. The government has raised requirements for the construction of recyclable resources statistical system, especially in the big cities such like in Beijing. By investigating and analyzing the statistical status quo of Beijing’s recyclable resource production and collecting, we point out existing problems such as undefined statistical types, incomplete statistical scope, nonstandard statistical methods, low integration of statistical resources among different departments, absence of statistical supervision and difficulties in verifying the accuracy of some statistics. According to the explored problems, we put forward some countermeasures for establishing and improving statistical system, such as issuing recycling catalogue of waste, standardizing the statistical methods, innovating collecting tracking method, building a sharing mechanism for the data monitoring, establishing statistical supervision system and appraisal mechanism.

Cristina Aguirre has completed her pregrades studies in Chemistry Enginnering at the age of 23 years from National Polythecnic School. At the present time, she is the assistant professor of the Department Nuclear Science of National Polythecnic School.

Polyurethane foams wastes (WFP) are usually destined to landfills without any recovery. In order to contribute to dispose of new alternatives, a experimental design 3x2 was proposed to study the mechanical behavior of synthesized elastomers which were obtained from depolymerization of WFP. Depolymerization reaction of foams was carried out with sodium hydroxide ascatalyzer. The decomposing agent used was castor oil (CO) in mass ratio of 3:1 with respect to WFP. The decomposition product (DP) was characterized by viscosity analysis according to ASTM D2196 and hydroxyl groups analysis by FTIR according to ASTM E168 was carried out. Synthesis of the polyurethane elastomer was performed from DP, which was subjected to a reaction synthesis with diphenylmethane-4,4'- diisocyanate (MDI) and subsequent curing process in a heated mold at 90 ⁰C under pressure of 2500 psi. Finally, it was possible to determine the influence of reactants ratio (MDI to DP, in mass ratio of 1:2,2; 1:2,7 and 1:3,2) and curing time (15 and 50 min) in terms of fracture strength of the obtained elastomer, in accordance with ASTM standard D412-15ª. The decomposition product had a viscosity of 26000 cPs and the hydroxyl groups (OH) were observed by FTIR in a wavelength of 3380,17 cm-1. The OH plotted band had a peak area of 46 A. cm-1, which corresponds to the presence of a polyol. The measured mechanical properties were found to be strongly influenced by the mass ratio of MDI to DP. The relation which allowed the major tensile strength (13,4 MPa) on elastomer of polyurethane was 1:2,2 along with a curing time of 15 min.

Bauer Tatiana is a postgraduate student of the Academy of Biology and Biotechnology of the Southern Federal University. It resieved the master degree in Biology science Department. It has 111 scientific publications, of which 15 articles indexed in the Web of Science and Scopus databases. Member of Russian Society of Soil Science named V.V. Dokuchaev. Finalist Leadership Program "Open World" (USA) on "Environmental Protection in the United States". Performer 20 research projects.

The present study is aimed at identifying the regularities in transformation processes of exogenic Cu compounds in calcic chernozem of Rostov region (Russia).Parallel extractions were employed to study Cu mobile forms, using the following reagents: 1 N NH4OAC at pH 4.8 for extraction of the exchangeable forms; 1% EDTA in NH4OAC at pH 4.8 for the exchangeable and complex forms. 1 N HCl extracted specifically sorbed forms. The sum of the exchangeable, complex and specifically sorbed forms is weakly bound compounds. In order to study the interaction between metal and soil components the fractional analysis by Tessier’s method was made in soil samples contaminated with metal acetate salts. This procedure ensures the separation of five fractions of metal compounds: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, bound to Fe, Al, and Mn (hydr)oxides, bound to organic matter and residual fraction. Metal concentration in solutions was determined by atomic-absorption spectroscopy.The Cu distribution in forms of compounds within the uncontaminated and contaminated soils is identical and can be presented according to the following order, mg kg-1: no metal addition: specifically sorbed (2.2±0.3) > complex (0.5±0.1) > exchangeable (0.3±0.01),the dose 300 mg kg-1 of metal: specifically sorbed (213.3±1.4) > complex (63.9±5.9) > exchangeable (107.6±11.7). Based upon a model experiment it has been established that in non-contaminated soils the main Cu share is predominantly concentrated in crystalline litters of the primary and secondary minerals (38% of the total content). In contaminated soils the metal are found to be in the fraction bound to the organic matter (32%)

Viktoriia Tsitsuashvili is a postgraduate student of the Academy of Biology and Biotechnology of the Southern Federal University. It resieved the master degree in Geography Faculty. She has 12 scientific publications, of which 2 articles indexed in the Scopus databases. Performer in 3 research projects.

Currently extraction methods are widely applied for analysis of the composition of metal compounds. During the last 30 years, the development of X-ray absorption spectroscopy methods based on synchrotron radiation provided information on the structural organization of metal compounds in the soil. The results of transformation of Pb (II) compounds in Chernozem under contamination are presented. Theses studies were carried out using the technique of X-ray absorption spectroscopy and chemical extractive fractionation. In a model experiment, soil samples were artificially contaminated with elevated rates of Pb(NO3)2 and PbO (2000 and 10000 mg kg-1). The composition of Pb compounds in soil samples were analyzed by sequential extractive fractionation by Tessier method. The measurements of X-ray absorption spectroscopy XANES and EXAFS were performed at the Structural Materials Science beamline of the Kurchatov Center for Synchrotron Radiation (NRC “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow). The results of successive extraction showed that Pb is associated with strongly bound organic substances, Fe and Mn (hydr)oxides, and carbonates. An increase in the portion of exchangeable fraction is observed under extreme loads. At the addition of Pb in the form of oxide and nitrate to the soil, the fractional compositions were similar, which indicates the good transformation of PbO in Chernozem. Lead ions in Chernozem samples are incorporated in the positions of the inner-sphere complex replacing some aluminum ions in the octahedral sites. This results in changes the Pb–O distances in Pb-bearing octahedrons. We may suggest that Pb2+ is also sorbed by dimer (Pb–Pb) silicate and/or aluminum groups.

Mizue Kama completed her Master’s degree in Mineral Processing from Tohoku University, Japan in 2010, and she went on to pursue her Post-doctoral studies in same university. She major in sociology of law especially EU environmental regulations.

In 1998, the Home Appliance Recycling Law was adopted in Japan. Since then, 4 types of large home appliances have been collected and recycled under a scheme of manufacturer's responsibility; however, at that time, there were no definite regulatory frameworks to restrict hazardous substances put in the large home appliances like the RoHS directive enacted in EU in 2003. The RoHS Directive demands manufacturers to prove their own compliance. Therefore, manufacturers in the world (especially in Asia) initiated to seek the methods for proving this. Consequently, industry associations in Japan and METI introduce the standard called J-Moss, which declares hazardous substances contents subject to the restriction of the RoHS Directive. Labeling as a tool for displaying information was utilized not only for the whole product but also for single parts and modules such as PCB. In this paper, we focus on LF and HF labeling (LF:Lead-free, HF:Halogen-free) for PCB. We have collected WEEE of different ages and manufacturers. After dismantling them, we confirmed the historical change of each WEEE. In other words, the visual of the modules had changed to comply along with the installation of hazardous substances regulation and recycling methods indication. We found these changes are a notable tendency among Japanese manufacturers around 2002. Nowadays, this labeling method is utilized widely and evolved further as CE labeling. Our finding (i.e. the involvement of manufactures to RoHS) is a useful example for effective and practicable institution-building among encouragement of Resource Efficiency and Circular Economy policies.

Sohee Park is a graduate in Environmental Engineering, Korea University. She is currently working at team of the hazardous substance analysis, Korea Environment Corporation.

This study is to verify the correspondence of the various refuse derived fuels manufactured by 184 authenticated domestic manufacturers to the standards for the quality and grade such as in low-heating value, contents of moisture. Through the analysis, the study will show the current problems of the post management and quality management of refuse derived fuels and propose the methods for enhancing the effectiveness and the reliability on refuse derived fuels as one of the alternative energy sources. The study has examined 60 samples from pellet type SRF, 46 from non pellet type SRF, 21 from pellet type Bio-SRF and 57 from non pellet type Bio-SRF (total 184 samples) and in result, 20.0% of the samples pellet type SRF, non pellet type SRF sample of 4.35%, non pellet type Bio-SRF sample of 8.77% are does not pass the standards for the quality and grade. In total, 10.33% of the sample was rejected. We consider that the quality of moisture content with solid fuel in Korean standards is appropriate. And also Heating Value for Bio-SRF satisfies Minimum standards as fuel.

O Onay has studied some part of PhD at University of Strathclyde, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry and completed her PhD at Anadolu University, Department of Chemical Enginnering in 2001. She has published more than 25 papers in reputed journals and has presented more than 40 papers in the conferences all over the world.

Co-pyrolysis of waste tire and pistachiou seed under nitrogen gas was performed in a well-swept fixed bed reactor. The effect of blending ratio and heating rate of waste tyre and biomass on product distribution of pyrolysis process investigated under pyrolysis temperatures of 500°C. In the range of the experimental conditions investigated the yield of the product is proportional to the percentage of biomass and waste tyre in the mixture. On the other hand, considerable synergetic effects were observed during the co-pyrolysis in a well swept fixed bed reactor leading to increase in oil yield. Maximum pyrolysis oil yield was obtained with 10wt% of waste tire mixed with pistachiou seed, as compared to the expected ones, calculated as the sum of oil fractions produced by pyrolysis of each separated component. These findings can potentially help to understand and predict the behavior of waste tire/biomass blends in practical liquefaction systems.

Nubia Luna Rueda is an Architect from UPAEP (Universidad Popular Autonoma del Estado de Puebla, Mexico, 2011). Currently, she is pursuing Master of Architecture, Area of Technology from UNAM (Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico) from 2014 to 2016. During 2011 to 2013, she was architect at H&H Group at Oaxaca, Mexico. Now, she is an independent architect, design expert in project management and wooden furniture making.

Today, throughout the world, including Mexico, there is a high level of water, air and soil pollution, caused largely by the large volumes of waste generated daily and receiving little or no treatment. For this reason, the research is about the recovery of waste in the wood industry and plastic recycling to get a composite material that increases the habitability in rural communities which work on forest industry in Oaxaca, Mexico. These days it is important to get new products that are accessible to consumers. Therefore it requires a low-cost technology in order to increase the quality of life in families and conservation of existing resources in rural communities. The research was experimental order. The objective is to develop a management culture of waste industrial, plastics recycling on houses, sources of employment and a new material for regional construction industry. The materials were, first, bark of Radiata and Pseudostrobus pine generated by the process of sawing wood and the second polyethylene recycled of high density (HDPE) from waste of houses. The fabrication was by extrusión and hydraulic press process. The material was tested of thermal conductivity, flexión and swelling by international standards UNE-EN. With this process, through a composite material of pine bark waste and recycled plastic, we can get a material resistant to moisture and thermal insulation, which function like a coating wall in timber houses in a region with high levels Social Gap Index in Mexico.

H Koca has completed his MPhil degree at Leeds University, Mining and Minerals Engineering Department in 1987 and PhD at Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Mining Engineeering Department in 1995. He has published 15 papers in reputed journals and has presented more than 35 papers in the confrences all over the world.

Renewable energy sources rise as new and upcoming sources but the share of the renewable energy in total primary energy consumption is less than 2% in the world. This trend is not expected to be changed dramatically, at least next 30 years. Coal/lignite will remain the most reliable primary energy source as oil and natural gas reserves are expected to exhaust in 40 to 60 years respectively. Lignite is the major natural resource in Turkey, therefore lignite based electricity generation increases. Turkish lignites typically have ash content of 30-60%. As a consequence, over 20 million tons of coal combustion wastes are produced each year. Only a small percentage of these wastes find application as an ingredient in cement and other construction products because of their high unburned carbon content. The ASTM C618 specification limits unburned carbon content to 6%. Therefore, the vast majority of material disposed to the ash pond as thin slurry which leads ecological and environmental problems. It is the objective of this study to obtain a carbon enriched fraction that can be blended back into the coal feed to the power plant boilers. Thus the possibility of the utilization of coal combustion wastes can possibly be increased. The flotation technique was used for this study. After flotation, carbon content is enhanced to over 50% with 65% recovery. This fraction can be mixed to power plant fuel. The remaining materials include less than 5% unburned carbon. The results indicated that Tunbilek coal combustion wastes could be recycled.

Daniel Fischer has received his Diploma of Chemical Engineering from Karlsruhe Institute of Technology in 2013. After six months of travelling through Asia, he was awarded a full scholarship from the University of Stuttgart for research on recycling of strategic metals. Since then he is concerned with recycling economics, rare earths in general and the development of efficient and innovative recycling processes

Rare earth elements are often considered critical materials for high-tech products such as wind turbines, electric vehicles or cell phones. In 2010 China strongly reduced its export quotas on rare earths. As a result, the share prices of mining companies and the prices of rare earths increased about thirty times in 2010 and 2011 compared to their values before 2010. Since then rare earth prices have nearly returned to their pre-crisis level.Despite the predicted growth of the market, global rare earth production has virtually stagnated since 2009 according to USGS data. The amount of rare earths in many products decreased due to improved product design while in other products rare earths may be completely substituted by other materials.This paper examines if speculation has played a role during the rare earth crisis or if the crisis may even be termed a speculative bubble. Scientific literature indicates that four conditions are usually met during a speculative bubble. (i) The existence of an exogenous event that raises growth expectations for a certain market, (ii) positive feedback processes during the crisis, (iii) expansion in loan financing and (iv) asymmetric information between insiders and outsiders.The implications of low metal price for rare earth recycling, particularly Nd recycling are discussed. Even at low price level, recycling from end-of-life products containing large amounts of rare earths can be economically viable. Rare earth recycling from cell phones, earphones and similar small products may be difficult to realize as the value of rare earths per product is relatively low.

Nicolas Sarmiento Sierra : has completed two bachelor degrees at the age of 26 years from the Universidad de San Buenaventura in Bogota, Colombia (Aeronautical Engineering) and Polytechnic West in Perth, Australia (Aviation Maintenance). After several years of traveling and exploring different fields and parts of the world, , he decided to reengineered his professional vocation towards material efficiency, sustainability and recycling. To date, he is student of a M.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering in Kleve, Germany at Rhein Waal University of Applied Science. He is directing his efforts to further study the areas mentioned above and aims to be a participant of the transition to what is known today as a Circular Economy

Modern production of electronic devices results in increasing demand of resources and subsequent production of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). Efforts around the world are needed in order to deliver effective methodologies to manage an approximate WEEE production of 30 to 50 Million Tonnes per year [1] and urgently increase global recycling rates of only 17% [2]. The situation in Germany despite the country’s leading role in recycling volumes [3], was estimated to be a WEEE production per year exceeding 1,769 Kilotonnes [4]. In average, WEEE amounts between 9kg/head to 21-27 Kg/head were produced in this country by 2012 [5]. Considering these amounts, this research provides a background on WEEE and related recycling processes. Emphasis is given on the recovery of Critical Raw Materials (CRM) as they are considered by the European Union to be of compelling economic importance and of high risk of supply deficit [6, 7, 8]. The description of the most common and advanced recovery mechanisms have been explored to contribute to the understanding of the sciences behind WEEE recycling. A review of existent literature and actual developments is presented to construct a theoretical overview about Germany’s direction in regards of this matters. The main motivation for developing this project is to convey better practices among those interested in this field. By recreating a recycling model in which technological, legislative and sustainability concerns are interleaved, it is desired to stimulate reflexions over the operational complexity of these practices, specially those linked to the recovery of CRM. The results of this paper can support university students and the public in general in further R&D of recycling methodologies and to rise questions in regards of this issue

Guillermo Solar actually work in his PhD thesis at the Department of Human Geography of the University of Barcelona, Spain. He study the relation between the informal sector in MSW management and the formal sector. He obtained two Master’s degree, the first (2010) in Computer Sciences at the University of Concepción (Chile) and the second (2013), the Master in Urban Planning and Environmental Management of the University of Barcelona (Spain). He is academic-investigator of the MSW Group of the Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaíso (PUCV, Chile) and part of the UNESCO Environamental cathedra (University of Cantabria in Spain, and PUCV).

OFMSW is the bigger fraction of waste arround the world, compost it is one of the more efficient ways in MSW prevention. We analyze the relation between the OFMSW and the compost resulting in six municipalities. The principal components of the environmental management are: professionals/technics, funds and political will. However, a fourth component is required: environmental education. The data were obtained from municipalities of the Area Metropolitana de Barcelona, the Agencia Catalana de Residuos, statistics organism and field work. The quality of the OFMSW separation, we think its linked with the environmental education, and in particular with the environmentally conscious resulting of the non-formal education. Therefore, this study considers environmental campaigns develop by the municipalities in MSW prevention. The selection of the municipalities to study combines variables of population, total budget and how part of this founds is used by the environmental section. We also selected municipalities to analyze different models of successful/unsuccessful in OFMSW separation and good/bad compost production. In terms of waste prevention, we evaluated the OFMSW composition (% of improper) of each municipality. The results suggest that the approach is effective to assess the level of variable’s association and enable us to create patterns and relations between the variables evaluated like OFMSW recolected, municipal management and the non-formal environmental education. Investment in environmental themes and awareness campaigns is not always directly related with a better separation of the OFMSW, finally the separation quality is not related with the compost quality.

Chi-Lang Chen has completed his MS from Department of Chemistry at National Taiwan University. He is currently a Scientist of chemical process & water treatment technology section within China Steel Corporation, the largest steel making company in Taiwan. He has published more than 25 papers and reports related to catalyst chemistry.

The recovery and purification of vanadium (V) and tungsten (W) from honeycomb type spent selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst was investigated using the NaOH leaching and ion exchange processes. Spent SCR catalyst mainly consists of TiO2 and other oxides (6.37% W, 0.98% V, etc.). The NaOH addition, leaching temperature, leaching time and pulp density were varied during the leaching process. The optimal reaction conditions were identified for recovery of V and W. Under the optimum conditions (the NaOH addition of 0.3 Kg/Kg of catalyst, leaching temperature of 70 °C, reaction time of 30 min and the pulp density of 30%), the extraction efficiencies of Mo and V reached 88.5% and 91.2%. Additionally, separation of W from leachate containing 1710 ppm W, 397 ppm V and 971 ppm Si under pH 13.5 was investigated by the ion exchange method. The results indicated that W could be preferentially adsorbed onto a macro porous strong base anion exchange resin (Amberlite IRA900) under basic conditions of pH 13.5. The remaining Si in the effluent after ion exchange was reacted with HCl (pH=8.0) to form H2SiO3 precipitates and separated from V. Consequently, V, W and Si could be recovered and separated successfully through the process in this study. On this basis a flow sheet for the proposed process of a complex utilization of spent SCR catalyst is presented.

Nafiseh Dakhili has completed his Master at the age of 25 years from Iran University of Science and Technology with Thesis in Subject: Recovery of Zinc from the Final Slag of Steel’s Galvanizing Process by Pyro and Hydro Metallurgical Treatments and with GPA: 15.03 (out of 20). Thence she works as Commercial Manager at Faragostar Altoon production and commerce company. she has 6 papers which prestented at international coneferenses.

Zinc containing wastes/secondaries such as zinc ash, dross, flue dusts, sludge, residue etc. are generated in various chemical and metallurgical industries. The materials contain different level of impurities depending on the source. If zinc content material, like zinc ash and zinc slag, contains various amounts of chlorides like zinc chloride, zinc oxy-chloride, which comes from ammonium chloride and other chloride fluxes used by galvanizers, the chloride content has to be removed for the evaluation of this secondary resource for recovery as zinc metal or zinc oxide. The results (of the galvanizing slag’s treating that left after some pyrometallurgical prosses) indicate that roasting at 800 °C for 30 min, followed by alkali washing treatment, at 70 °C for 45 min by 1/6 solid/liquid ratio and 1.5 times the stochiometric amount, will useful for chloride removal with 94% efficiency.