Day 1 :
Keynote Forum
Tania Rödiger-Vorwerk
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), Germany
Keynote: Circular Economy and Waste Management: Trends and needs from the perspective of developing countries
Time : 09:30-10:00
Biography:
Dr. Tania Rödiger-Vorwerk leads the Directorate „Environment, Energy and Infrastructure“ at the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). Dr. Tania Rödiger-Vorwerk holds a PhD in legislative science. Under the German Ex-President Prof. Dr. Horst Köhler, she was appointed to lead the „Sherpa“ for a High-Level Panel for the UN that was formed to elaborate concepts for the Post-2015 Development Agenda. Prior to that she led the BMZ Division In WENT working together with various institutions of academe and civil society and in further functions on behalf of BMZ.
Abstract:
Statement of the Problem: Governments, industry and the civil society worldwide increasingly recognise that the linear model of economic growth, on which they often relied in the past, or still rely, is unsustainable from an economic, environmental and social perspective and that they cannot build their future on a “take-make-dispose” model. The circular economy approach is not only relevant for established economies. The governments are facing the challenge of addressing unsustainable patterns of consumption and production. Moving towards a circular economy is essential for all governments to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) amid growing scarcity of natural resources and growing urban- populations, with a rising income and increased consumption through increase in purchasing power. In the context of circular economy, there are several SDGs that are of relevance such as SDG 6 (Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all), SDG 8 (Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all), SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), SDG 12 (sustainable consumption and production patterns), SDG 13 (Climate Action) and SDG 14 (Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development). The German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) provides official development assistance for numerous countries classified as low- and middle income countries. The presentation informs about strategies to support transformation towards circular economy in those countries and proposed priority targets and actions. These cover for example advice and financing for sustainable handling and recycling of electronic waste, prevention of marine litter, and the support of cities for implementing climate-friendly waste management technologies.
Keynote Forum
Muscolo Adele
Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Italy
Keynote: Agro-reminders, municipal bio-wastes and sulfur recovered from refineries as sulfur-based organic fertilizer
Time : 10:00-10:30
Biography:
Muscolo Adele has graduated in Biological Sciences (MSc) and has completed her PhD in Food Science from the Policlinic Federico II University of Naples, Italy. In 1988 she started her professional carrier as Researcher at Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria where she is still working as Full Professor in Soil Chemistry and Ecology. Since 1990 she is Reviewer for International Scientific Journals and since 2008 she is Evaluator of projects for European Community, International Funding Research Agencies and Italian and Foreign Research Ministries. She is Examiner of International PhD dissertation. She has over 180 papers in international journals with IF. Citations: 1702; H index: 22. She has been serving as an Editorial Board Member of many international journals. She is an Associate Editor for Journal of Forestry Research.
Abstract:
In the ongoing work, we assessed environmentally sound technologies to produce soil improver with balanced level of nutrients, and optimal agronomic characteristics. Sulfur obtained from the residues of the desulfurization of natural gas and oil, was linked with agricultural wastes (orange pulp or olive pomace) or compost from municipal wastes to produce amendments. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with three replications. Our results showed that the pastilles of sulfur bentonite improved soil quality in respect to control (not amended soil). Pastilles of sulfur bentonite linked with agricultural and/or municipal wastes were more effective than sulfur bentonite itself. They were capable of lowering the pH of soils and positively affect the biological soil properties, increasing significantly the labile fraction of soil organic matter. The greatest increase was observed by using sulfur bentonite mixed with orange pulp or orange pulp and municipal waste. Regarding crop productivity, all the species utilized (red onion: Allium cepa, garlic: Allium sativum) grew better in amended soils. A fertilizer specie-specificity was also demonstrated for the first time. Red onion grew better (leaf and root length, leaf number and fruit size) with sulfur-bentonite pelletized with orange waste, while garlic grew better with sulfur-bentonite tied up with olive pomace. In short, this study demonstrated that recalcitrant agroremainders, municipal bio-wastes and sulfur represent a great resource for producing sustainable organic fertilizers. The effects are strictly dependent on the amount and composition of wastes used, and on the type of crop species. Therefore, this waste management system represents an opportunity for providing valuable products with reduction of environmental pollution.
Keynote Forum
Kyoungphile Nam
Seoul National University, South Korea
Keynote: Sequential process for bacterial production of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate from methane generated from anaerobic digestion of rice straw
Time : 10:30-11:00
Biography:
Kyoungphile Nam has completed his PhD from Cornell University in 1998. Currently, he is Professor at the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Korea. He also serves as the Director of Remediation Technology and Risk Assessment Center. Recently, he initiated a research project about production of bio-based plastics from agricultural wastes. He has published more than 80 papers in peer-reviewed journals.
Abstract:
This study aims to produce bioplastic raw material from anaerobic digestion of agricultural waste rice straw followed by bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)-accumulating activity. PHA can be biocompatible and thus be a raw material for medical plastics depending on its composition. The sequential process for producing PHA from methane generated from anaerobic digestion of rice straw was studied. Pretreatment of rice straw, mixing intensity of reactor in anaerobic digestion step, and gas compositions in PHA accumulation step were selected for major components to optimize overall process in this study. Three pretreatment strategies including hot water extraction, acid and alkali treatment were tested to effectively liberate lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose from rice straw. Through anaerobic digestion of pretreated samples, the highest methane amounts of 827.8, 831.9, 703.2 mL CH4 gas/g TC (total carbon) were obtained with hot water (i.e., DI water for 30 min), 1% NH3 solution, and 0.01% H2SO4 solution, respectively. Various mixing intensities (i.e., no mixing, once a week, twice a week, once a day, 50 rpm, 150 rpm, and 300 rpm) were also tested with batch and semi-continuous reactors operated for up to 50 and 300 days, respectively. In both batch and semi-continuous reactors, highest content of methane (i.e., 47.3% and 53.2%, respectively) and maximum amount of methane (i.e., 373.0±4.1 mL/g TC and 437±2.3 mL/d·g TC, respectively) in biogas (i.e., mixture of 50% methane, 45% carbon dioxide, and 5% nitrogen) produced from the anaerobic digestion of rice straw were observed with once-a-day mixing condition. A bacterial species capable of accumulating PHA from methane was isolated from activated sludge, and identified and named Methylocystis parvus MK1. Under nitrogendeficient condition, M. parvus MK1 was able to accumulate 15.7 mg of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (P3HB) using the biogas. Different gas compositions (i.e., 100% methane, 100% biogas, 80% biogas with 20% air, 70% biogas with 30% air, 50% biogas with 50% air, and 25% biogas with 75% air) were applied for P3HB accumulation test. P3HB accumulation under 100% methane and 100% biogas conditions was remarkably slow. Highest concentration of P3HB (i.e., 17.1 mg with a molecular weight of 55,330 Da) was accumulated under 80% biogas and 20% air condition. The sequential process has been set with most favorable conditions (i.e., hot water extraction for 30 min, once a day mixing, and 80% biogas and 20% air) in order to enable the continuous and stable production of P3HB from rice straw via anaerobic digestion.
Keynote Forum
E David
National Institute of Research and Development for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies, Romania
Keynote: Use of industrial wastes to obtain of products with high added value
Time : 11:15-11:45
Biography:
E David is a graduate of Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MS in Physics-Chemistry of Surface and Analytical Chemistry of Babes-Bolyai University from Cluj-Napoca, Romania. She serves as a Doctor in Chemical Science, Associate Professor, Head of Department of Carbonic Materials, Composites & Analysis Techniques, at National Research Institute of Cryogenics & Isotope Technologies- Rm.Valcea, Romania. She is an author of more than 20 inventions in the field of Environment, Energy, Waste Recycling, and Materials. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) awarded the WIPO prize, both at the International Exhibition of Inventions in Geneva, Switzerland (April 2012) and Brussels, Belgium (November 2014), for two inventions in the field of Waste Recycling and Clean Energy. In 2017 she was awarded with the Grand Prize of the Second Invention Salon from Barcelona for an invention in same field. She held over 80 lectures at national and international scientific conferences and congresses, has published over 140 scientific papers in prestigious national and international publications. She is a Member of the World Academy of Materials and Manufacturing Engineering (WAMME); Physical European Society; Association of Computational Materials Science and Surface Engineering, Gliwice, Poland. She acts as Reviewer for prestigious international journals too.
Abstract:
Recovering of products with high added value from the industrial wastes (i.e. slag, bottom/fly ash, incineration residue of municipal waste) has not only environmentally beneficial but also profitable from an economic point of view. Literature in the field is vast, but most refer to issues related to industrial waste leaching, and less of them relate to waste recycling issues. For example, if we refer to the recycling of iron from industrial waste, this is imposed by three factors: (i) increasing the amount of waste with high iron content; (ii) the need to develop new technologies for recovering metals from waste; (iii) the rising prices of metals obtained from ore. Because the composition of industrial waste is highly variable, it is difficult to derive meaningful conclusions by comparing published results from different sources. For example, waste incineration is expensive, but has distinct environmental advantages over landfilling. Through incineration, the organic content of the waste is converted into thermal energy which can be used for electric or thermal energy generation. The incineration residue consists essentially of inorganic materials and metals. Thus, the complex chemical reactions of organic compounds, e.g. acids and chelating agents, with metals are prevented. In contrast, the inorganic chemistry of mineralized incineration residues is well understood and can be fairly easily controlled. In the wastes the metals are found in elementary form or in the form of chemical compounds (mainly as oxides). In the context of metals recovery from ash, native metals and metal oxides are of commercial interest. This research refers in first part, in general terms, at recovery of non-ferrous metals from waste incinerator bottom ash and in the second part refers at aluminium recovery as alumina (Al2O3) from coal fly ash by a novel pre-desilication process. By this process, the consumption of Na2CO3 has decreased significantly due to the adjustment of Al/Si molar ratio in the raw materials. The effects of pre-desilication conditions on the dissolution of SiO2 in coal fly ash, on the consumption of Na2CO3 and the phase transformations and the alumina dissolutions at various consumption of Na2CO3 were investigated. The mixed coal fly ash with an Al/Si molar ratio of 1 could be obtained by mixing desilicated and the as-received coal fly ash. The dissolution of Al2O3 of the mixed coal fly ash reached ~87.5% at the Na/Al molar ratio of 1. The consumption of Na2CO3 decreased obviously and the reduction percentage reached 53.4% at Na/Al molar ratio of 1.0 after undergoing the predesilication process compared with the Na2CO3 direct activation process. This work could provide a novel way for the utilization of coal fly ash with high value and high efficiency. Considering that less than half of the metals out of consumer wastes can be directly recycled (by way of separate collection), it is peculiar that their recovery from the residual industrial waste to receive all the support because represents a viable way to manufacture of products with high added value
- Circulatory Economy|E-Waste Recycling and Management|Waste Water Recycling|Industrial Waste Recycling|Agriculture Waste Recycling|Waste Management Techniques|Renewable Energy
Chair
E David
National Institute of Research and Development for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies, Romania
Co-Chair
Muscolo Adele
Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Italy
Session Introduction
Tiejun Dai
Beijing University of Technology, China
Title: The influence of material flow on ecological cost in the waste paper recycling and manufacturing process
Biography:
Tiejun Dai as a Professor has been dedicated to theoretical and applied researches in resource, environment and circular economy over more than a decade. He built a simplified substance flow diagram of the manufacturing process, formulated two evaluation indices of eco-connectance of an eco-industrial park and the rate of waste recovery for resource, found the stability condition of eco-industrial park, built regional (industry and waste) metabolism model, concordance analysis model of material flow and value flow, and cost-benefit model and ecological cost model for waste management, circular economy development strategy and policy, etc. He has finished a monograph, edited two textbooks, one English book and two other academic writings as an Editorial Board Member or a participant, and published 50 pieces of scientific paper, and 40 of them were collected by SCI, and EI.
Abstract:
In the background of fact that the problems of the resources and environment are serious day by day, waste paper, as an important secondary resource, has gradually become the most important raw material for paper making. Now the studies on environmental impact of waste paper recycling, which always use life cycle assessment, were mainly about comparison of different recycling strategy. Their results are non-monetary volume, which have difficulties on guiding enterprises to achieve win-win between economic and environmental. Therefore, in this paper, ecological cost is put forward and defined; its calculation model based on material flow was set up. Based on the material flow analysis, a standard ecological cost flow diagram (SECFD) was set up in waste paper recycling system, and the influence of deviating from SECFD on the ecological cost is analyzed. The rule of the influence of material and energy flow in the waste paper recycling system to the ecological cost is revealed. Taking the minimum ecological cost of waste paper recycling system as the objective function, the optimal design is based on the constraint condition of economic benefits, manufacturing process conditions, national policy and industrial standards. The results show that the ecological cost is reduced to 1385.69 yuan per ton after optimization, which is down by 456.8 yuan/ton compared with that before optimization, and the decrease is 24.79%. At the same time, the economic benefit is increased to 1326.95 yuan/ton, 13.51% higher than that before the optimization. And it is suggested that the enterprises of waste paper recycling should be intensive development in the future; properly control the price of waste paper, avoid the high price of waste paper. The state should give a moderate economic compensation to waste paper recycling enterprise; it will contribute to the win-win between its economy and ecological environment.
F Veglio
University of L’Aquila, Italy
Title: Treatment of wastewater from microelectronic industry: Process analysis of a combined process scheme
Biography:
F Veglio is currently working as a Full Professor in the Department of Industrial Engineering, Information and Economics University of L’Aquila, Italy. He has experience in the preparation and management of research projects; activity of R&D on the valorization of raw materials and industrial wastes. He has published more than 160 papers on international journals; more than 110 monographic publications; more than 100 communication to congresses, extended abstract e poster; 6 patents (3 national patent; 2 EU patents; 1 WO).
Abstract:
The production of semiconductors requires a series of specific treatments in which a large amount of ultra-pure water is used. As a consequence of this, a large amount of polluted process water is produced that must be treated before discharged into the sewer. The treatment cost of the wastewater is a significant effect on the industrial total cost and the microelectronics industry is trying to adopt production processes accompanied by water treatment processes for production of ultra-pure water at a reasonable cost, involving water reuse. The principal pollutants are inorganic compounds such as mineral acids (sulfuric, nitric, hydrofluoric, phosphoric acids), ammonium hydroxide, heavy metals (copper, cobalt) and organic solvents. The mineral acids and the metals are successfully removed by most of the treatment processes of the semiconductor sewage industry. There are some problems in the treatment of organic compounds, among these is tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH), (CH3)4NOH. This last is corrosive, slow to biodegrade and eutrophic to aquatic environments. Disposal of TMAH wastewaters from an industrial plant is a difficult and costly issue. The scientific literature shows that it is possible to remove this pollutant by using chemical/physical processes (e.g. advanced oxidation processes (AOP) and adsorption) as well as biological processes (e.g. anaerobic digestion). In this paper, an integrated process stream is proposed for the treatment of wastewater produced by electronic industry. A combination of chemical-physical and biological processes for the removal of TMAH and other pollutants as nitric and acetic acid is described in order to purify the water. Firstly, a series of experimental results obtained in the laboratory scale is reported, after in accordance with these results a process scheme is proposed and simulated with commercial software in order to investigate the technical feasibility and describe the overall mass balance of the whole scheme.
Jimmy Yun
University of New South Wales, Australia
Title: Waste and energy management challenges of biopharmaceutical APIs manufacturing industries in China
Biography:
Jimmy Yun is a Professor in the University of New South Wales (UNSW), School of Chemical Engineering, and a Professor in the Hebei Science and Technology University. After a stint of early careers in research development and industries in Japan, USA, Australia and Singapore, he founded Nanomaterials Technology Pte Ltd, Singapore and was the CEO between 2000 and 2012, providing specialized R&D services to some of the most influential global pharmaceutical and specialty chemicals companies. These pharmaceutical companies include GSK, Schering Plough, Johnson & Johnson, Novo Nordisk and Huabei Pharmaceutical Company etc., and specialty chemicals companies include BASF, 3M, Evoniks, Nitto Denko and Sinopec etc. The development areas, with more than 30 patents, covered advanced drug delivery system, particle system design, advanced environmental coating and catalyst, and polymer nano-composite etc. Currently, he is actively engaged in multiple environmental projects with the pharmaceutical industry in China.
Abstract:
In recent years, the pharmaceutical industry in China has taken tremendous steps to reinvent itself into an environmentally responsible manufacturing industry. However, with China being a major manufacturing center for pharmaceutical active ingredients, the amount of solid and liquid waste as well as air pollutants being generated has posed significant challenge to conventional treatment technologies. According to publicly released statistics, China pharmaceutical industry emitted in excess of 500 million tons of trade effluent and 200 thousand tons of COD in 2010, representing 2.5% and 3.1% of overall industrial emission respectively. From the government perspective, learning from the experience in the past 20 years, the Ministry of Environmental Protection, China has significantly revamped its regulation, and at the same time, is empowered with new enforcement authority to ensure industry comply to newly imposed stringent emission and discharge stipulated limits. It is clear that the Chinese government is determined to reverse the environmental impact caused by rapid industrialization in the past 2 decades and return the blue sky and clear water to the people. In view of this background, this presentation will examine the technological challenges that are faced by the biopharmaceutical active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) manufacturing industries in China, firstly from the perspective of meeting environmental regulatory compliance, and secondly from the perspective of post-compliance impacts of the trace amount of APIs emitted to our ecosystem.
Biography:
F Veglio is currently working as a Full Professor in the Department of Industrial Engineering, Information and Economics University of L’Aquila, Italy. He has experience in the preparation and management of research projects; activity of R&D on the valorization of raw materials and industrial wastes. He has published more than 160 papers on international journals; more than 110 monographic publications; more than 100 communication to congresses, extended abstract e poster; 6 patents (3 national patent; 2 EU patents; 1 WO).
Abstract:
The waste of electrical and electronic equipment represent an important secondary resource of base, precious and rare earths elements but in the same time a serious contaminant for environment. As the disposal is no longer a suitable solution, there have been various technologies of treatment proposed to recover their content and also to eliminate the hazard of this waste. These were generally studied at the laboratory scale and just a few were further implemented at industrial level. The waste printed circuit boards, the e-component of most of all electrical and electronic devices, has been used as study material for base and precious metals recovery by all the transposed technologies from mining industry, i.e. physical-mechanical, pyro-, hydroand bio-metallurgical procedures. There has been shown that the physical-mechanical procedures do not offer a selective recovery of their content, in particular for the precious metals. Therefore, these were generally used as a pretreatment step to the metallurgical procedures. Between all metallurgical procedures, the hydrometallurgical ones are preferred as they present a high speed of reaction with procedures that are generally easier to control at large scale. In addition, these procedures allow obtaining high grade products that can be further reused for the manufacturing of new electronic products and not limited to. Considering these aspects and also the model of circular economy, the hydrometallurgical approach for both precious and base metals recovery from waste printed circuit boards and its final products and by-products reutilization in the manufacturing of new products (electrical and electronic components and jewelry) by 3 Design Printing technology will be carried out within Fenix European Project which has as core to establish a closed loop within this waste treatment.
Ottosen L M
Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
Title: Transforming ash to resources by electrodialytic separation – Sewage sludge ash as an example
Biography:
Ottosen L M has MSc and PhD degrees from the Technical University of Denmark. She has more than 140 Web of Science journal papers. She is leading the research group ZeroWaste Byg. She is a Section Leader of the Section for Construction Materials and Durability at Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark.
Abstract:
Ashes from incineration are often considered as residual waste, i.e. waste which is removed from the overall material cycle. The ashes should instead be considered as secondary resources; however, to recover the resources it is necessary to develop separation technologies. This work focuses on one such technology, namely electrodialytic separation. In this technology, the ash is suspended in water and an electric DC field is applied. Hereby ions are transported towards the electrode of opposite polarity. During treatment, pH and redox conditions are optimized for desorption of target elements, and ion exchange membranes are used to separate unwanted ions from the suspension. This work gives an example of electrodialytic separation of sewage sludge ash. A two-compartment electrodialytic cell was used, where the anode was placed directly in the ash suspension and the cathode in a second compartment, separated from the suspension by a cation exchange membrane. Electrodialytic separation simultaneously desorbed phosphorous and heavy metals into the liquid phase of the suspension. The desorbed heavy metals were transported into the cathode compartment in the applied field. Phosphorous rich crystals were produced (about 25 wt.% P) by evaporation of the filtrate. The ratio of heavy metals to phosphorous in the crystals was comparable to the very low end in phosphorous fertilizers at the market today. The mineral fraction of the SSA after recovery of phosphorous was tested as cement replacement in concrete. The resulting concrete had an interesting aesthetical expression because of a warm red colour, and the material properties were highly encouraging.
Biography:
Muhammad Rusdy is an Animal Scientist holding Doctor in Pasture Agronomy from Faculty of Agriculture Kyushu University, Japan. He is Full Professor in the Department of Forage Science and Grassland Management Faculty of Animal Science Hasanuddin University, Indonesia. He has published about 60 articles both in peer review domestic and international journals. Due to scarcity of feed in Indonesia, he has interested to study the establishment and growth of high potential forage that suitable to be developed in Indonesia. He also has interested to study the use of agricultural wastes as ruminant feed and had presented his paper entitled Banana Wastes as Ruminant Feed in Recycling Expo that was held in Rome, July 2017. He has acted as Reviewer for many journals, both indexed and non-indexed in Scopus
Abstract:
Rice straw is agricultural byproduct with many potential uses. As animal feed, it has low digestibility, crude protein and mineral content and do not meet maintenance level of energy requirement for ruminant. Pre-treatment with ammonia gas or urea can greatly enhance intake, digestibility and crude protein content of rice straw and will improve the productive performance of the ruminants. However, because much of urea or ammonia is easily degraded in the rumen and much of absorbed N tends to be lost to the animal by excretion in the urine, to maximize the efficient use of ammoniated rice straw for ruminants, a small amount of rumen in degraded protein available for post-ruminant digestion is desirable.
Kholood Yousef
Kuwait Oil Company, Kuwait
Title: Waste management, treatment and disposal at Kuwait Oil Company (KOC)
Biography:
Kholood Yousef has completed Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering, Kuwait University, Kuwait, 2000 and Major in Chemical Engineering. She has her work experience with Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) for past 14 years (2002 to 2015) in Health, Safety and Environment (HSE group), KOC. She is a Senior Environmental Engineer in Kuwait Oil Company, Kuwait from 2004 – Present. She is certified by NEPOSH and she has trained & worked/exposed on different environmental subject such as waste management issues, environmental and social impact assessment, environmental aspects identification, management of energy & resources, energy management program, air emissions controls, inland oil contingency response plan, chemical spill response plan, waste management, sewage management, industrial liquid wastewater management, environmental standards and investigation committees. She has done many projects related to environmental management in KOC and has vast experiences in the HSEMS Management System from Oil and Gas Industrial Sector; she is a part of many task force teams and committees.
Abstract:
Kuwait Oil Company (KOC), a subsidiary of Kuwait Petroleum Corporation (KPC), is involved in exploration, drilling and the production of oil and gas. The massive effort in producing this oil includes the employment of 9000 plus employees, involvement of thousands of contractors, operating thousands of wells, numerous gathering centers, gas compression booster stations, drilling rigs, crude oil bulk storage tank farms, marine transport loading facilities, and a significant number of transportation pipelines. The significant oil production related activities generating waste over large land area include drilling, production, maintenance, construction, materials procurement, as well as use of office and housing complexes. The issue of waste management in KOC covers analyses of different types of waste streams (solid, liquid, and sludge), the activity upon waste, and a holistic view of the goals of waste management and approach. The increasing volume of waste generated, which is exacerbated by a lack of proper waste management is a concern worldwide due to social, economic and environmental implications. KOC always ensures that the generated waste be managed effectively in compliance with applicable regulations of Kuwait Environment Public Authority (KEPA) and KOC; HSE management system (HSEMS) procedures implemented for KOC facilities. In addition, KOC plays a dynamic role in facing the adverse effects of waste through the implementation of many projects in the regions of waste management and by focusing on the development of long-term waste management strategy covered all KOC activates. This study was conducted to present the waste management, treatment and disposal at KOC. In addition, in this paper we will discuss various processes used in KOC areas indicating how waste is being managed.
Sandra R Scagliusi
Institute for Energy and Nuclear Research, Brazil
Title: Butyl rubber recycling by means of gamma radiation followed by mechanical shear
Biography:
Sandra R Scagliusi has great experience with elastomers. She has upgraded in recovering of rubbers, in general, specially dealing with butyl and halo-butyl rubbers (chlorine and bromine). She is deeply involved with irradiation, recycling, de-vulcanization, and micro-wave. She developed a new process of rubbers recovering via radiation and mechanical shear. She has been dedicating in research toward environmental area in recycling of solid materials and elastomers. She has proved experience in research and quality control laboratories.
Abstract:
Polymeric materials (plastics and rubbers) cover a continuously raising proportion of urban and industrial solid wastes discarded in landfills and consequently their impact on environment are more and more concern. Rubbers exhibit a very slow natural decomposition due to their chemical structure weather resistant as well to enzymatic degradation and to microorganisms. Rubber recovering is hampered by its insolubility caused by crosslinked structures. Besides, this tridimensional structure causes various problems for material recovering and reprocessing. Just 8% to 12% of polymeric residues are thermoplastic polymers; remaining are elastomers especially post consumption tires. It is relevant to emphasize that the crosslinking is essential for practical use of rubber and this process is worldwide known as vulcanizing process, discovered by North American Charles Goodyear. The implementation of new technologies in order to reduce polymeric residues, acceptable from the environmental viewpoint and at an effective cost proved to be a great problem due to inherent complexities for polymers reuse. Ionizing radiation has capacity to change structure and properties of polymeric materials. Butyl rubbers have been used in wide scale within a variety of applications such as tires spare-parts and diverse artifacts. Major effect of high energy photon, such as gamma rays in butyl and halo-butyl rubbers is the creation of free radicals accompanied by changes in mechanical properties. This work aims to the development of processes of controlled degradation (de-vulcanizing) of butyl rubber in order to characterize their availability for modification and changes of their properties. Experimental results obtained showed that butyl rubbers irradiated at 25 kGy and further sheared can be used as the starting point for mixtures with pristine rubber.